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163. Behaviorism is the school of thought associated with learning that began in 1913 with the publication of John B. Watsons article, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, in the journal Psychological Review (Watson, 1913). After several conditioning trials, the child responded with fear to the mere presence of the white rat (Panel C). Considered the follow-up to Watson and Rayner (1920), Jones (1924; Figure 2.7) wanted to see if a child who learned to be afraid of white rabbits (Panel B) could be conditioned to become unafraid of them. Chief among these are neurotransmitter imbalances. First, the response is made, and nothing happens. This single factor explanation is called a uni-dimensional model. Release of neurotransmitters is stopped. Regret orientation Focusing on what you could have done better in the past rather than on improving now. d. researching the effectiveness of the therapy. The good thing is that what is learned can be unlearned or relearned through behavior modification, the process of changing behavior. c. paradigms. 149. A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. d. psychodynamic. 2.2.1.5. According to the Genetics Home Reference website as part of NIHs National Library of Medicine, a gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity (https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene). c. Sessions are primarily conducted in a virtual environment. Techniques might include weighing the pros and cons of fighting uncertainty or change. Cognitive processes cannot be empirically and reliably measured and should be ignored. Again, your schema about front row and back row students is incorrect and causes you to make certain assumptions about these individuals. A primary focus of the community mental health treatment approach to abnormality is: Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. 39. We must try to convert what we see into action. Multicultural psychologists assert that both normal behavior and abnormal behavior need to be understood in the context of the individuals unique culture and the groups value system. c. extended psychoanalytic therapy. However, men are more likely to die by suicide than women, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. psychodynamic d. cognitive. 2.2.2.2. It provides the strength to fight back or to flee (fight-or-flight instinct). c. gestalt b. All this stage of learning signifies is that some learning is already present. This is known as Despite Freuds generalization, his theory was based on only a few patients. b. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? 24. Personality develops over five distinct stages in which the libido focuses on different parts of the body. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a _____ theorist. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: a. without any religious belief are the healthiest. a. 14. Clarify how gender factors affect mental illness. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: a. develop depression when under stress. Divorce or the death of a spouse can lead to anxiety disorders. Can our schemas lead us astray or be false? c. relational psychoanalytic therapy. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do, say, or think/feel) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. Describe observational learning and modeling. As these cells die, the brain fails to receive messages about when and how to move. Researchers are only now beginning to tease apart the various biological and psychosocial factors that may impact the mental health of both women and men., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/women-and-mental-health/index.shtml. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. b. There is no need to learn it again, as in the case of primary reinforcers and punishers in operant conditioning. Once free, the cat was allowed to eat some food before being promptly returned to the box. a. existential Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: a. genetic make-up. A girl values her self-worth even when she fails at something. b. early childhood trauma. For more information on psychotropic medications, please visit: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications/index.shtml. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on exploring relationships among a persons thoughts, feelings and behaviors. To address this unique factor, culture-sensitive therapies have been developed and include increasing the therapists awareness of cultural values, hardships, stressors, and/or prejudices faced by their client; the identification of suppressed anger and pain; and raising the clients self-worth (Prochaska & Norcross, 2013). c. unconditional positive regard. The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. Describe the structure of the neuron and all key parts. She died shortly after this interrogation on May 28, 1936. According to Freud, consciousness had three levels (consciousness, preconscious, and the unconscious), personality had three parts (the id, ego, and superego), personality developed over five stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital), there are ten defense mechanisms to protect the ego such as repression and sublimation, and finally three assessment techniques (free association, transference, and dream analysis) could be used to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? On the other hand, if we see a sibling constantly getting in trouble with the law, then we may not model this behavior due to the negative consequences. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. Of course, removing cognition from the study of psychology ignored an important part of what makes us human and separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom. Evaluate the usefulness of psychodynamic theory. The next morning, researchers placed a hungry cat in the puzzle box and set a small amount of food outside the box, just close enough to be smelled. c. It is full of abnormal evolutionary principles. As such, he continues to steal her toys. Social desirability states that sometimes participants do not tell us the truth about what they are thinking, feeling, or doing (or have done) because they do not want us to think less of them or to judge them harshly if they are outside the social norm. Contingencies in Operant Conditioning. This is an example of behavior modification using: With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: let their thoughts flow, without judgment. 2.3.3.4. 2.3.2.1. 78. Clarify how environmental factors affect mental illness. You might say neurotransmitters are part of a lock-and-key system. 92. Dontrall observed his parents generous behavior throughout his childhood. a. psychoanalysis. What form do these consequences take? According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? a. First, the id is the impulsive part that expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts. What we would call conscience is MOST like what Freud would call the: a. defense mechanism. 2.2.1.3. For example, to be diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder, you must present with three of eight symptoms for criteria A whereas for a major depressive episode as part of Bipolar II disorder, you have to display five (or more) symptoms for criteria A. The person in the back could also be shy and prefer sitting there so that s/he does not need to chat with others as much. Which type of psychodynamic therapy encourages therapists to disclose things about themselves? Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. a. family-social b. multicultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 135. Of course, most people do not experience this but instead are made to feel that they can only be loved and respected if they meet certain standards, called conditions of worth. as part of their daily life and this can lead to disordered behavior (Lo & Cheng, 2014; Jones, Cross, & DeFour, 2007; Satcher, 2001), though some research suggests that ethnic identity can buffer against these stressors and protect mental health (Mossakowski, 2003). 29. In fact, behaviorism said psychology was to be the study of observable behavior. 77. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. a. sharing advice b. analyzing dreams c. developing insights d. building social skills. Reinforcement can either occur continuously meaning every time the desired behavior is made the subject will receive some reinforcer, or intermittently/partially meaning reinforcement does not occur with every behavior. The biggest criticism of these models is that the concepts are abstract and fuzzy and so very difficult to research. This is called observational learning and is contrasted with enactive learning, which is learning by doing. d. latent content. c. take responsibility for harmful behavioral patterns. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. Why is this important to a discussion of psychopathology? Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. What treatments are available to clinicians courtesy of the biological model of psychopathology? c. A boy is internally motivated to put forth his best effort on his science project. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? Both types of instincts are sources of stimulation in the body and create a state of tension that is unpleasant, thereby motivating us to reduce them. This dream is interpreted to reflect the patients emotional stress over losing her mother, who is terminally ill. Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. a. modeling. d. lend itself easily to research. Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. c. cognitive-behavioral therapy. Common antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, Quetiapine, and Lurasidone. Inability to disconfirm Ignoring any evidence that may contradict your maladaptive cognition. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. c. people who have a religious community to support them are healthier. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? The pain was enough that I never walked up and down the street echoing my identity crisis for all to hear. However, keep in mind that we do not model everything we see. c. poverty is a stressor that contributes to dysfunction. a. humanistic-existential b. biological c. psychodynamic d. sociocultural, 5. b. family structure and communication. As noted earlier, the idea of people being machines, called mechanism, was a key feature of behaviorism and other schools of thought in psychology until about the 1960s or 1970s. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: But as you will see, the individual does not have to present with the entire range of symptoms. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a(n) _____ theorist. c. neurotransmitters. The electrical portion of the neural impulse is just the start. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: a. rationalization. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? Then, Jones gave the child some pleasant food (i.e., something sweet such as cookies [Panel C]; remember the response to the food is unlearned, i.e., Panel A). So what do we do with this information? According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? b. accepting problematic thoughts. 84. The nervous system. c. psychodynamic The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a persons head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: a. vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Conditioning is when learning occurs. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. 94. c. The underlying assumptions of each model are the same. Gambling disorder is a manifestation of the previously desirable behavior of being a risk taker. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is our heredity material. 68. c. humanistic-existential c. children who very seldom fight. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. 2.2.2. Marvin is very afraid of dogs. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. The earlier that treatment begins, the more effective it can be., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/men-and-mental-health/index.shtml, In relation to women: Some disorders are more common in women such as depression and anxiety. Dont worry. b. classic Freudian psychotherapy. The biopsychosocial model examines the health and other illnesses and product behavior with biological features and behavioral factors.Several health psychologists work with healthcare experts and patients to help . b. drugs cannot be combined with other forms of treatment. Personalizing Blaming yourself for adverse events rather than seeing the role that others play. The genes responsible for anxiety disorders or related psychological patterns are the same genes that once helped our ancestors survive and reproduce. a. losing the dog b. having the dream over and over c. feeling panicked in the dream d. feeling stress about her mothers illness. To do this, the client must be aware of the distressing thoughts, when they occur, and their effect on them. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. c. resistance. 89. In the case of when, it will be either fixed or at a set rate, or variable and at a rate that changes. They are open to experience, live every moment to the fullest, are creative, accepts responsibility for their decisions, do not derive their sense of self from others, strive to maximize their potential, and are self-actualized. During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her parent why she is angry. The type of reinforcer or punisher we use is crucial. Which is an example of latent content? A common example is Lithium; side effects include loss of coordination, hallucinations, seizures, and frequent urination. A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. a. the humanistic-existential model b. the family-social perspective c. the cognitive model d. the psychodynamic model, 11. b. existential Figure 2.10. Here are the models we will examine in this module: You should have learned the following in this section: Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. 156. a. focused primarily on unconscious thoughts, instincts, and conflict. 86. 126. Which type of theorist would focus on the athlete's illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? Clarify what psychodynamic techniques are used. Watson believed that the subject matter of psychology was to be observable behavior, and to that end, psychology should focus on the prediction and control of behavior. 129. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord; the former we will discuss briefly and in terms of key structures which include: Of course, this is not an exhaustive list of structures found in the brain but gives you a pretty good idea of function and which structure is responsible for it. According to Bandura, all behaviors are learned by observing others, and we model our actions after theirs, so undesirable behaviors can be altered or relearned in the same way. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: In the 1960s and 1970s, social upheaval and soul-searching in Western society gave rise to humanistic and existential therapies. 2.2.1.6. bodily sensations. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not naturally strive to reach their full growth potential. b. exposure All other toys are allowed, including a Bobo doll. If we are angry at someone, we may engage in physical or relational aggression to alleviate this stimulation. She works very hard to do things that other people would like and to make people like her. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: a. intellectualization. 91. What are the three assessment techniques used by Freud? 110. The superego is partly conscious but mostly unconscious, and part of it becomes our conscience. b. map, or sequence, genes. b. insight. Watson and Rayner (1920) conducted one of the most famous studies in psychology. The biopsychosocial model (BPS) was first proposed by George L. Engel and Jon Romano of the University of Rochester in 1977. b. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). These medications fall under five major categories. The critical part is what happens to the person modeling the behavior. c. maintenance. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: a. avoid discussing religion. Mason's parents always pay special attention to him when he takes toys from his little sister. They may be positive and include friendly, affectionate feelings, or negative, and include hostile and angry feelings. a. disengaged b. neglectful c. enmeshed d. belittling. In her dream, she panics and looks for her dog everywhere. Maladaptive cognitions. The three parts of personality generally work together well and compromise, leading to a healthy personality, but if the conflict is not resolved, intrapsychic conflicts can arise and lead to mental disorders. Evaluating the humanistic and existential perspectives. First, consider the topic of social cognition or the process of collecting and assessing information about others. 2.3.4.3. ADHD is more common in males than females, though females are more likely to have inattention issues. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. First, you can use cognitive restructuring, also called rational restructuring, in which maladaptive cognitions are replaced with more adaptive ones. What is important to mental health professionals is some disorders involve specific areas of the brain. Students also viewed PSY 381 Chapter 2 Females are at higher risk for developing an anxiety disorder than men. The force that is in control in this example is the: Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? The axon terminals are the end of the axon where the electrical impulse becomes a chemical message and passes to an adjacent neuron. All of the following are leading kinds of biological treatments used today EXCEPT: a. drug therapy. This approach stresses the need for people to re-create themselves continually and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential. Anti-anxiety medications such as benzodiazepines are effective in relieving anxiety and take effect more quickly than the antidepressant medications (or buspirone) often prescribed for anxiety. b. self theory. c. prejudice and discrimination faced by women. The cognitive model of panic disorder focuses on misinterpretations of. Evaluate the usefulness of the cognitive model. Briefly outline how communication in the nervous system occurs. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: a. using I language. Track the accuracy of the thought. 2.2.3.2. Terms in this set (124) Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: a. the biological differences between men and women. b. ego. d. cognitive-behavioral. Environmental factors also play a role in the development of mental illness. Right before his death, Skinner (1990) reminded psychologists that the only thing we can truly know and study was the observable. 102. Once collected or sensed (sensation is the cognitive process of detecting the physical energy given off or emitted by physical objects), the information is sent to the brain through the neural impulse. b. See Figure 2.1 below. During a meeting, Shondas manager asks her to free associate about her coworkers performance. Since that time, I've never been able to swim in a lake. Figure 2.2. Exemplify the effect of schemas on creating abnormal behavior. Freud considered the talking cure of Anna O. to be the origin of psychoanalytic therapy and what would come to be called the cathartic method. Check out Figure 2.10 to see if you do. The contents of the unconscious could move from the unconscious to preconscious, but to do so, it had to pass a Gate Keeper. d. classical conditioning. She felt confined and suffocated in this life and took to a fantasy world she called her private theater. Anna also developed hysteria, including symptoms such as memory loss, paralysis, disturbed eye movements, reduced speech, nausea, and mental deterioration. Maybe it changed to biweekly and I missed the email. Due to this endurance, we say that intermittent or partial reinforcement shows resistance to extinction, meaning the behavior does weaken, but gradually. 81. They all attempt to explain the causes and treatments for all psychological illnesses, and all from a different approach. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. Many disorders have genetic roots, are a result of hormonal imbalances, or caused by viral infections such as strep. Examine the evidence both for and against your thought. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. d. This model requires the therapist to predict abnormal behavior in individuals. 150. 20. c. emphasizes the importance of having a positive outlook. Eventually, the response brought about by the sympathetic nervous system must end. With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: a. resonate with many people who are eager to explore these issues. Couples treated by couple therapy seem to show greater improvement than couples who do not receive treatment. And then we return to resting potential, as you saw in Figure 2.4. How so? Shonda responds by changing the subject. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. They can be identified, treated, and monitored by observing and identifying physiological signs. Likewise, if our action leads to dissatisfaction, then we will not repeat the same behavior in the future. Attributions and cognitive errors. 26. Overgeneralizing You see a larger pattern of negatives based on one event. michaela bates keilen baby news 2021, queen elizabeth us visit 1991,